Sustainable bromelain extraction from pineapple waste: ATPS purification, freeze-dry encapsulation, and cosmetic safety evaluation
Abstract
Background: Pineapple processing generates substantial waste; peels represent a rich source of bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme with dermatological applications.
Objective: To develop sustainable bromelain extraction from pineapple peels using aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), evaluate freeze-drying encapsulation for stabilization, and assess safety for topical cosmetic use.
Methods: Bromelain was extracted using PEG-4000/MgSO₄ ATPS and freeze-dried with encapsulating agents (gum arabic and maltodextrin). Proteolytic activity was quantified by tyrosine release and gelatin digestion assays. Purified bromelain was incorporated into gel cleanser and serum formulations (2-5%, pH 4.5-7.0) and evaluated for physicochemical properties, microbial safety, and skin compatibility through human repeat insult patch testing (HRIPT).
Results: The 10% PEG-4000/30% MgSO₄ system achieved optimal balance (37.64% yield, 2.80 U/mL activity). Freeze-drying with encapsulation produced free-flowing powder with 96.7% activity retention (372.50 GDU/g). Formulations met ASEAN microbial limits (<1,000 cfu/g) and demonstrated non-irritating properties with low hypersensitivity risk in HRIPT.
Conclusion: ATPS extraction combined with freeze-dry encapsulation produces stable, bioactive bromelain suitable for safe topical applications, demonstrating successful valorization of agricultural waste into high-value cosmetic ingredients.
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